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The trade deficit's deep bite
A $225 billion U.S. trade deficit means we're deeper in the red than 20 years ago and sinking fast. Among the impacts: A lower standard of living for all of us in the years ahead.
By Jim Jubak
It's worse, way worse, than it sounds.
Which is pretty frightening, since it certainly sounds really bad.
On Mar. 14, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis announced that the broadest measure of the U.S. trade deficit grew to $225 billion in the fourth quarter of 2005. That marked an increase of 21% from the $185 billion deficit in the third quarter of 2005. And the quarter's results drove the deficit for all of 2005 to $805 billion, a new record.
The current account deficit -- defined by economists as the combined balance on trade in goods and services plus income transfers between the U.S. and the rest of the world -- increased in the fourth quarter to 7% of U.S. gross domestic product (the most common measure of the U.S. national income). For all of 2005, the deficit was 6.4% of GDP.
In 1985, when the G7, then the club of the world's seven largest free-market economies, pushed through a major devaluation of the U.S. dollar in the Plaza Accord, the current account deficit was a mere 3.5% of U.S. gross domestic product. The good news is that the world is a lot more tolerant of a massive U.S. deficit with the rest of the globe than it was 20 years ago. The bad news is that we're running a lot deeper in the red than we were in 1985.
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So how can I say that the news is actually worse than it sounds?- First, because if you look at the long trends driving the deficit numbers, they're still picking up steam. The momentum is running very strongly against the United States, and when you're talking about reversing the course of something as big as the U.S. or the global economy, momentum counts.
- Second, because the deficit has become so large that there isn't any silver bullet that will let us get out of this hole painlessly and quickly.
- And, third, the demographics of an aging world say that our creditors are going to need the money they've lent us not too far down the road in order to support their own retirements.
Depressed yet? Wait, I'm just getting warmed up.
Overseas investors buying U.S. assets
Let's take a look at the most ominous trend in the 2005 numbers.
Unlike the trade deficit, which just measures the difference between what we export in goods and services and what we import, the current account deficit also includes international flows of investment income. That's worked to the benefit of the United States over the decades since World War II because we've built up quite a big portfolio of overseas investments from real estate to ownership stakes in foreign companies to holdings of foreign bonds that pay income to the U.S. owners of those foreign investments. For all of 2005, that income flowing into the U.S. came to a whopping $466 billion, up 24% from 2004.
But for years, overseas investors have been buying our assets faster than U.S. investors buy foreign assets. In 2005, for example, U.S.-owned assets overseas increased by $492 billion, while foreign-owned assets in the U.S. increased by $1,293 billion. (Or $1.29 trillion, if you prefer.)
And as you'd expect, the faster growth in foreign ownership of U.S. assets has gradually increased the amount of income that overseas investors receive from the United States. In the fourth quarter, the income flow actually turned against the U.S. We sent $2.4 billion more in income overseas than we received. That was a shift from the $4.9 billion income surplus in favor of the United States in the third quarter of 2005, and only the second time EVER (or at least since there have been decent records) that income from investments has been in deficit for the United States. In 2004, the surplus from income was more than $30 billion. From 1980 to 1985, the annual average was above $30 billion, and from 1980 to 2004, the smallest annual surplus was $4.3 billion in 1998.
So the shift from surplus to deficit in the fourth quarter is a big deal. It quite probably marks the end of a long period when flows of income into the United States from U.S.-owned assets helped offset deficits in years when U.S. imports exceeded U.S. exports.
Trend is accelerating
A turning point like this is just the beginning of an accelerating trend. It's extremely likely that the income deficit will continue to grow for years to come, because foreign investors are increasing their ownership of U.S. assets -- an increase of $278 billion in the fourth quarter -- faster than U.S. investors are buying overseas assets -- an increase of $43 billion for the quarter.
And ownership of an asset today creates a stream of income for a lot of tomorrows.
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